Screen Resistors

A lie detector is an instrument uses to detect blood pressure, respiration and pulse. This instrument usually uses as a forensic instrument. It is commonly used in police station for investigation but this simple instrument can be use in your house.

This article tries to give you information to make a simple lie detector. Lie detector is also known as a polygraph. This simple detector can be extremely helpful if you want someone to tell you the truth. This simple instrument may be not as high-tech as the expert use but it could help you. This instrument operates by assessing the resistance of the skin that will down when you lie. Your skin will go down when you lie because lying will make you feel uncomfortable and nervous. This reaction will make your skin go down.

The first thing to do before making the detector is preparing all the details. Here is the list:

1. MISC 1 Case, Wire, Electrodes (you can use electrodes with alligator clip but you can also uses wire or strap like in hospital), the simple one is wires and tape.
2. 4.5V batteries (2)
3. electrolytic Capacitor C1 1uF 16V
4. R3 1 1.5K 1/4 W Resistor
5. Q1 1 2N3565 NPN Transistor
6. Analog meter M1 1 0-1 mA
7. R2 1 5K Pot
8. R1 33K 1/4W Resistor

These components can be easily found in electrical shops. You can read on the components part to make sure that you have bought the right things. Then you can put and attach each component with the wire. Connect the batteries separately using wires. Put the analog meter between the batteries, so there will be battery wires battery using the wires between the batteries you put the R3 and analog meter. Then, the R1 and R2 after the analog meter is put there. Q1 is near the electrodes.

You need to adjust the analog meter to 0. Attach the wire using tape to the back of the subject’s hand. If the analog meter changes from 0 it means that the subject is lying to you.

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I found this display at one of my usual electronics dealers – the one who specialized in selling industry surplus stuff. This display is available for 6,95 EUR, while neither the touch panel nor the EL backlight are mentioned in the offer, i just suspected the touch panel because the characteristic 4 lines going away in the photo of the offer. The display uses an LC7981 controller, which is obsolete, but quite okay, the touch panel is a resistive 4-wire touch panel. I connected this via 4 protection resistors to an ATmega88, Port C0-C3, while the software uses those port pins as either digital outputs to provide the voltages or as analog inputs to sample the output of the panel. Quite an elegant and simple design. Before you ask – Pollin Electronic, order number 120346. Currently, 778 are in stock, i think, the 10 units i just ordered are already substracted

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Crystal are use to keep the frequency of the clock from drifting. If the signal from this clock stops, or is weak, or the pulses begin to vary, the electronic equipments might show intermittent faults or might stop altogether. The microprocessor pins that hold the crystal are usually called OSC IN and OSC OUT as shown in Figure 1 and the frequency is marked on the crystal. Typical examples of crystal oscillator frequency are 3.58MHZ, 4MHZ, 8MHZ, 24MHZ etc.

Testing Crystal

Crystals are quite fragile components because of their construction. Unlike a resistor or capacitor, if you drop one on the ground from a decent height, its 50-50 bet whether it will work again. Testing the crystal is not a breeze either. You cannot just take out your trusty multimeter and plug the crystal in it. In fact, there are three right ways to test a crystal: -

(a) Using Oscilloscope

A crystal produces a sine wave when excited. It is appropriate then, to see a waveform representative of a sine wave on the clock pins. If the clock is not functioning properly, replace the crystal. In most cases this should solve the problem since microprocessors are usually very reliable. Check the crystal with power on.

(b) Frequency Counter

Frequency Counter can be use to check the frequency of the crystal. The reading must be taken when the equipment power is switch “on”. Place the probe of frequency counter to the crystal pin and read the measurement. Be sure that your frequency counter meter has the range that is higher than the crystal frequency you are measuring.

(c) Crystal Checker

With this method, usually the crystal is placed in the feedback network of a transistor oscillator. If it oscillates and the LED is lighten up, this mean that the crystal is working. If the crystal doesn’t work, the LED stays off. Instead of using LED, some other crystal checker uses a panel meter to indicate if the crystal is working or not.

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There are many types of label printers available on the market, each unique in their printing mechanisms, functionality, portability, advantages, and disadvantages.

Laser printers work pretty much like photocopiers and can print high-quality text and images quickly. They work by projecting controlled streams of ions onto the surface of a print drum, resulting in a charged image. The charged image attracts toner particles, using pressure to transfer the image unto the paper. This is the type of printer often used for the printing of documents which contain barcodes because of its speed and high resolution image-printing.

Dot matrix printers used to be popular because they were readily-accessible and inexpensive. However, the ribbons used in dot matrix printers require a lot of maintenance and the printer is limited to the dot-size of the matrix and, therefore, cannot print small labels. When used in barcode printing, ink saturation also often causes bleeding and distorts the image of barcodes.

Another common printer found in most households is the ink-jet printer. It is mostly used due to its multi-functionality. Ink-jet printers print very slowly. The printer itself is not durable as it is sensitive to dust, dirt, vibrations, and other external factors.

A common disadvantage of all three printers – laser, dot matrix and ink jet – is the inability to print single, individual labels. These printers print by batch or by sheet which often leads to a waste of extra labels.

For individual label printing, thermal printers are often used. There are two types of thermal printers. One is the transfer thermal printer, which works like the ink-jet and dot matrix printer, only it uses heat to transfer the ink form the ribbon to the paper.

A more convenient type of printer is the direct thermal printer. It basically works by burning the heat-sensitive part of the thermo-paper, which creates the image on the label. The printer sends a current of electricity to the heating resistor on the thermal head. The thermal head then generates a specific pattern and the heat produced activates the layer of the paper which contains dyes that act as ink.

Aside from being able to print single labels, the thermal printers also hold other advantages over other types of printers. One of the most important thermal printer advantages is its compatibility with most high-quality point of sale software. The barcode labels produced from POS software allow for easier and more accurate inventory tracking.

Another advantage of the thermal printer is its ability to process a variety of data without compromising the speed of the printing. Also, thermal printers print with high resolution and density to create high-quality images and text.

Thermal printers can be easily operated. The printer itself may be somewhat more expensive than other types of printers, but the very low supply cost makes up for it. The printer doesn’t use ink cartridges, toners, or ribbons; the only printing material that needs to be replenished is the special thermo-sensitive paper. In general, thermal printers are cost-efficient, reliable, and very convenient for any types of business venture.

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By only knowing how to read electronic schematic diagram and testing electronic components were not enough to make us a good electronic repairers. Many faults can’t be detected even if you know how to accurately test and check all the electronic components because those faults only can be detected by simply performing a voltage test. Do you know that quite a numbers of Monitor problems I have to perform a voltage test in order to locate the defective components? Yes, if without voltage testing, I might end up can’t find the fault and the Monitor have to be return back to customers. What if you return many Monitors back to the same customers? Of course your business reputation would be affected and worst if your competitors (other electronic repairers) be able to repair it. You would definitely lose out the customers and is very difficult to get back his trust again about your capability to repair Monitors.

I do know lots of electronic repairers especially newbie’s do not have the courage to perform the voltage test especially Computer Monitors and Television because they were afraid of the high voltage and get electrocuted. Well, if you want to work in this line and choose not to learn about voltage testing (because of afraid), then you are truly missing something that can help you to repair any equipment fast. After all, voltage testing is not that as dangerous as you thought to be. With some guidance from repair friends or even you test it on your own (practical) and protection from isolation transformer, I don’t see any other reasons you don’t want to do the voltage testing. Besides this of course you must know the safety guidelines first in this electronic servicing field.

The real challenging question now is even though you know how to perform the voltage testing; this does not guarantee that you will definitely being able to solve the electronic problems! As to why you can’t solve the problems depends on many factors such as:

- How well you are in understanding the functions of electronic circuit (assuming I’m talking on the Monitor circuit). Some Monitors circuits can be very complicated to understand it.

- How good you are in tracing the electronic circuit (assuming you are tracing from the source to the faulty components) because many electronic repairers will lost track and can’t go further to detect the fault.

- How knowledgeable you are in understanding each function of the electronic component. For example, if no signal flowing to the base of a transistor, of course there would be no current flowing between the collector and the emitter. Another example, what do you expect the output voltage will be if 100 volts is passing through between a 10 ohm resistor and a 10 k ohms resistor?

- Sometimes in order to solve a problem we accidentally create even more problems due to that we do not have the capability to hold tight the meter’s probes causing it to touch on other pins while measuring a components (says is an IC or a transistor). This would cause the whole equipment to shutdown or even burnt the components. How many of you have done that before?

- We must also know what the range of the meter setting is in order to test the electronic circuit accurately. For example, would you test the secondary output voltages when your meter is set to AC range? Or would you expect a reading when your meter’s red probe touches on a cold ground?

From above, these are the things that you should know if you want to be successfully able to perform a voltage test on any equipment. It is not that easy to absorb everything that I’ve just mentioned above but if you have the passion to do it (I mean learn everything from reading electronics books, visiting forum, doing your own practical test and etc) then you are giving yourself a chance to learn something that will truly benefit to you.

In this week’s article I’m going to show you how by performing a voltage test has helped me to solve an unusual problem in a Computer Monitor.

Well, this monitor with the brand name of MIMOS (this is an OEM Monitor) came in with the complaint of can’t adjust horizontal size (there’s totally no changes when the horizontal size control was pressed). The display width (size) was large and both sides of the display curved inward (pincushion out). For your information, the horizontal size and pincushion circuit were located in the same area and both circuits were working together in order to achieve a desire display. If one component in a circuit fails, it would affect another circuit as well! That’s why, when the horizontal size circuit have problem, the pincushion circuitry was affected too (the display curved inward).

Normally when I see this kind of problem, I would usually check and test all the components in the horizontal size and pincushion circuits’ area with my ESR, analog and digital meter. Most of the time, I could solve the problem fast. The common faulty parts for horizontal size width problem in a Monitor were usually dry joints, shorted modulation diode and pincushion transistor and capacitor opens along the horizontal size coil’s line. But somehow I could not locate the faulty components in this Monitor because all of the components that I’ve checked were all tested okay!

Since I have checked all the components in the horizontal size and pincushion circuit area to be okay, now the only way to solve it is through using voltage test. Generally, whenever if you want to perform voltage testing, one must start from the source first. However if you are experience enough you can always skip some section and start tracing the circuit that you think would fail. As there are many electronic repair newbie’s in this ERG member site, I would show all of you how to trace from the source first.

Now think carefully, what makes the display to become small or big whenever the horizontal size control was pressed through the On Screen Display (OSD)? There must be a signal sends out from somewhere to the horizontal size circuit in order to control the display. Am I right? The pincushion transistor has a base pin and if this voltage varies (because of the horizontal size control either set to minimum or maximum) the display will change too. You can choose to trace backward starts from the base pin of the pincushion transistor or start from the source. I will guide you to trace from the source because once you know how to trace from the source, you would be able to troubleshoot and repair other Monitor problems too such as can’t control the brightness, contrast, vertical and horizontal height. You may use this method that I’m about to show you in TV and other electronic equipment as well.

First you must understand what is the function of digital to analog conversion (DAC) circuit. Since most of the modern Monitors are using digital signal (communication between the CPU and EEPROM and other circuits as well) there must be some circuit to convert the digital signal to analog signal in order to drive the pincushion transistor and others electronic circuits too. Our normal multimeter can’t measure digital signal, it can only read analog signal. Older Monitors have the DAC IC located out site the CPU (such as the TDA8444 IC used in NEC XV 14 Monitor) while for modern Monitors the DAC IC is built into the CPU. I guess you are now understood why a digital circuit needs a DAC as part of it complete circuit. In other words, the DAC is required to communicate with the analog world!

In this faulty Monitor, I don’t see any DAC IC nearby the CPU so I presumed that the DAC was already built into the CPU. Now, this is the most challenging part where you have to carefully adjust the Monitor position and yourself so that when the Monitor power is switch “ON” you can perform the voltage test on all the pins at the CPU. Assuming you have taken all the necessary safety and precautions now is the time to switch on the Monitor and start to do voltage testing.

After you got hold of the Monitor, select the horizontal size control through the OSD screen. You could see when the “+” and “-” buttons was pressed at the front panel, the number in the OSD display indicates the minimum and maximum value representing the size of the display being adjusted. Since this is a faulty Monitor, although the number in the OSD screen is changing (because you are pressing the “+” and “-”) there is no effect on the display and the display remains big and curved. But somehow you could measure the pins at the CPU to locate which one of the pins the voltage is changing when the adjustment button is press! Try one by one of the CPU pins until you saw one that has effect when the horizontal size control was pressed. The voltage is about 0 to 5 volts (depends on the design of Monitors) and should go up or down momentarily when the horizontal size adjustment is changing. Congratulation! You are now have determined the source of the horizontal size circuit. One word of advice, a defective CPU or a corrupted EEPROM data could cause no signal at the horizontal size source pin!

Once you have known the pin then it is relatively easy to find out the fault. Start tracing from the pin and see at where the voltage had missing as shown in this photo. Surprisingly the voltage remains okay even till pin 5 (inverting input) of the quad operational amplifier LM324 IC. Since this is an OP-AMP IC, it requires two inputs (inverting and non-inverting input) to produce an output at pin 7 but the voltage at pin 7 would not vary. And if this output won’t vary definitely it can’t control the horizontal size. Pin 5 voltage of the LM324 IC varies and pin 7 don’t varies then most probably the problem is either in the IC itself or components that are related to pin 6 (non-inverting input). I saw a wire coming from top of the board and upon inspecting it; it was from B+ voltage (about 66 VDC) and passing through a resistor before reaching pin 6 of the OP-AMP IC. Using my analog meter to measure across the high ohms resistor (820k), I found it to be zero voltage. In order to really confirm is the resistor fault, I desoldered one of the lead and check with my ohmmeter. Guess what? The resistor has open circuit! Unbelievable and it was true! Replacing with a new resistor restored the display back to normal.

Conclusion- Imagine if I didn’t use the voltage testing method, I don’t know how long that I’m going to spend on troubleshooting this kind of problem. And worst still, I may end up can’t solve the problem and return the Monitor back to my customer. With constant learning and practice in electronic repair you will have no problem in tackling any electronic faults in the future. Just don’t give up and continue to learn from the ERG member’s page. Thank You for being my member.

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